Rhinoplasty complication is often relatively minor and correctable, more serious, debilitating, and uncorrectable complications do occur. Despite the best efforts of talented surgeons, unanticipated technical problems can and do occur during surgery that can lead to a complication. Rhinoplasty revision surgery is a nose operation performed to correct or revise an unsatisfactory outcome from a previous nose surgery. An unsatisfactory outcome occurs from 5% to 20% of nose surgeries. There are two main reasons for performing secondary nose surgery. Patients often seek secondary nose surgery to correct a cosmetic deformity of the nose. A patient may be unsatisfied with all or part of a previous nose reshaping. The reduction of the nasal fracture may be not enough, or too much. Inappropriate addressing of a prominent or bulbous nasal tip may have been inadequate or over-aggressive. The nose looks pinched; it may look like a parrot's beak, or like a boxer's nose. Nose surgery may have left a nose aesthetically unappealing to a patient in many ways. Another reason for rhinoplasty revision is functional. The original nasal surgery may have been to help with difficulties in breathing and the outcome may have been unsatisfactory. Alternatively, the original cosmetic surgery disrupted a normal physiologic mechanism involving the inspiration or expiration of air, making it difficult to breathe. Secondary nose surgery is a procedure often said to be extremely complicated. Because the surgery may destroy or deform nasal framework, nose surgery experts frequently must reconstruct the support structures of the nose using cartilage grafts either from the ear or from rib cartilage. Advances in nose surgery techniques, such as stabilization of rib cartilage grafts and utilization of the open approach, now allow satisfactory results in secondary nose surgery.

Buprenorphine

Buprenorphine is a partial agonist of opioid receptors that carries a low risk of overdose. Buprenorphine reduces or eliminates withdrawal symptoms associated with opioid dependence but does not produce the euphoria and sedation caused by heroin or other opioids. In 2000, Congress passed the Drug Addiction Treatment Act, allowing qualified physicians to prescribe Schedule III, IV and V medications for the treatment of opioid addiction. This bill created a major paradigm shift that allowed access to opioid treatment in general medical settings, such as primary care offices, rather than limiting it to specialized treatment clinics. Buprenorphine was the first medication approved under the Drug Addiction Treatment Act and is available in two formulations: Subutex®, which is a pure form of buprenorphine and the more commonly prescribed Suboxone®, which is a combination of buprenorphine and the opioid antagonist naloxone. Suboxone is a unique formulation with naloxone that causes severe withdrawal symptoms when addicted individuals inject it to get high. Physicians who provide buprenorphine treatment for detoxification and or maintenance treatment in office must have special accreditation. The government requires these physicians to have the capacity to provide counseling to patients when indicated or to refer patients to those who do. Treatment of opioid addiction in an office can be cost-effective approach that increases the reach of treatment and the options available to patients. Many patients have life circumstances that make treatment in the office of a physician a better option for than specialty clinics. For example, a recovering addict may live far away from a treatment center or have working hours incompatible with the clinic hours. Addiction treatment is available in the office of a primary care physician, psychiatrist and other specialists, such as internists and pediatricians. Patients stabilized on adequate, sustained dosages of methadone or buprenorphine can function normally. Recovering addicts can hold jobs, avoid the crime and violence of the street culture and reduce exposure to HIV by stopping or decreasing injection drug use and other risky sexual behavior. Patients stabilized on medications can also engage more readily in counseling and other behavioral interventions essential to recovery and rehabilitation.

Externally Applied Antibiotics

Externally applied antibiotics such as erythromycin, clindamycin, Stievamycin or tetracycline kill the bacteria that grow in the blocked follicles. While topical use of antibiotics is equally as effective as oral use, this method avoids possible side effects including upset stomach and drug interactions (e.g. it will not affect use of the oral contraceptive pill), but may prove awkward to apply over larger areas than just the face alone.