Plastic surgery on the ear to improve its shape is an otoplasty. A doctor performs an otoplasty on different sized and shaped ears--too large, too small or misshaped. To avoid social stigma, patients undergo otoplasties as young as seven years old. The key technique in otoplasty is to hide any scars behind the ears. In an otoplasty procedure, the surgeon modifies or excises ear skin, soft tissue and cartilage in order to change the shape of the ear. If a patient has one normal, the normal ear serves as the reference point for any otoplasty changes. As with other childhood disorders, a full evaluation is necessary for any child undergoing otoplasty in order to rule out any serious health problems.

Behavioral Therapies

Behavioral therapies are helpful to addicts in the following ways: by motivating people to participate in drug treatment offer strategies for coping with drug cravings; teaching addicts ways to avoid drugs and prevent relapse; and helping individuals deal with relapse if it occurs. Behavioral therapies can also help people improve communication, relationships and parenting skills, as well as aid family dynamics. Many treatment programs employ both individual and group therapies. Group therapy offers social reinforcement and helps enforce behavioral contingencies that promote abstinence and a lifestyle without drugs. Some physicians employ established behavioral treatments, like contingency management and cognitive behavioral therapy, in group settings to improve efficiency and cost-effectiveness. However, particularly with adolescents with addictions, there is a danger of iatrogenic or inadvertent effects of group treatment. Because behavioral therapies address different aspects of addiction, combinations of treatments and medications may be more effective than either approach alone. Doctors administer treatments for drug abuse and addiction in many different settings through a variety of behavioral and pharmacological approaches.

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Nail Bed

The nail bed is the skin beneath the nail plate. Like all skin, it has two types of tissues: the deeper dermis, the living tissue fixed to the bone, which contains capillaries and glands; and the superficial epidermis, the layer just beneath the nail plate, which moves forward with the plate. The epidermis attaches to the dermis by tiny longitudinal grooves as the matrix crests or crests of nail matrix. As we age, the plate grows thinner and these ridges become evident in the plate itself. A nail is a horn-like envelope covering the dorsal aspect of the terminal phalanges of fingers and toes. The nail is made of a hard protein called keratin. Nails can dry out, just like skin. They can also peel, break, and become infected. The nail protects the ends of the fingers and toes from trauma and helps pick up small objects. Care of the fingernails and toenails is important. Poor nail care causes problems. Recommendations for maintaining nail health include: keeping nails clean and dry in order to keep bacteria and other infectious organisms from collecting under the nails; cutting nails straight across with only slight rounding at the tip; using a fine-textured file to keep nails shaped and free of snags; and avoiding nail-biting. Nail changes, swelling and pain can signal serious problems that may require a physician and medical nail care.